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Every enterprise needs strong and able leader for its. Leadership is on important and essential aspects of entrepreneurship. Most of the enterprise fails due to poor leadership. He is the leader who influences the behavior of other and ensures the success of an enterprise. In simple words, leadership is a process of directing other toward the accomplishment of goals. It is also the ability to influence the behavior of others to accomplish the objectives. Leadership is the process of influencing and supporting  others work toward achieving the objectives

Steps in starting up the small-scale business. A potential entrepreneur has to pass through various stages for setting up small scale unit. These are as follows:- The decision to be self-employed: - An educated person has to decide between two option either to work for other as employees or to work for himself as an entrepreneur. If the person possesses the right of knowledge, skill, experience and aptitude the best option for him is to set his own enterprise. This would give him best opportunity to invest, to innovate and  to give the best shape of this ideas. Identification of opportunity: - The viability of units means the business should identify the market needs. The entrepreneur has to do, but the consumer wants he has to produce according to needs and demands of the consumer. Selection of product on the basis of the market survey: - An entrepreneur has to select the product on the basis of the market survey, An entrepreneur should select the product keeping in view his own ca...

Bachelor’s Preparatory Programme (BPP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: PCO - 01 Course Title: Preparatory Course in Commerce Assignment Code : PCO - 01/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. What do you mean by business? Explain various forms of business organisation.                                                                                                      (20) 2. (a) What do you understand by ‘Accounting Equation? Give suitable illustrations (b) What is meant by ‘Books of Original Entry’? Discuss the rules of journalizing the business transactions with the help of examples.(10+10) 3. Prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement from the following particulars on 31st March 2014: Rs. (a) Debit Balance as per bank column of the Cash Book 3,72,000 (b) Cheque issued to creditors, but not yet presented to the bank for payment 72,000 (c) Dividend received by the bank, but not entered in the Cash Book 5,000 (d) Interest ...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: ECO - 14 Course Title: Accountancy - II Assignment Code: ECO – 14/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. (a) Give specimen of company’s balance sheet as per part I of schedule VI of Indian Companies Act, 1956.   (b) Differentiate between Profit & Loss Account and Profit & Loss Appropriation Account. (10×2) 2. X Ltd. sends goods to its Karnal branch at cost plus 25%. All expenses are paid by H.O. From the following particulars you are required to show Branch Debtors Account, Branch Stock Account, Stock Adjustment Account and Branch Profit & Loss Account in the books of Head Office: Particulars Amount (Rs.) Opening Stock                                          36,000 Closing Stock                 ...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT  2015-16 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: ECO - 13 Course Title: Business Environment Assignment Code: ECO – 13/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. What is meant by business environment? Describe briefly various components of the non-economic business environment.(5+15) 2. Explain the concept of monetary policy. Describe its objectives.(5+15) 3. Define collective bargaining. Explain its different types. How is it done? What are its pre-requisites(5+5+5+5) 4. Distinguish between the following: a) Cash Reserve Ratio and Liquidity Reserve Ratio b) Foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment(10+10) 5. Write short notes on the following: a) Central Bank b) Public Sector c) Collective Bargaining d) Balance of Payments(4×5)

ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code : ECO - 12 Course Title : Elements of Auditing Assignment Code : ECO – 12/TMA/2015-16 Coverage : All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. Define Auditing. Explain its objectives and advantages.(20) 2. What is meant by verification? How does it differ from valuation? How would you verify the following? a) Goodwill b) Plant and Machinery (10+10) 3. Discuss the main provisions of company law regarding the appointment, duties and removal of an auditor.(20) 4. What important documents would you inspect before commencing the audit of a company? Explain (20) 5. Write short notes on the following: a) Cost Audit b) Clean and Qualified Report (10+10)

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 10: ELEMENTS OF COSTING For July 2015 and January 2016 admission cycle School of Management Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi -110068 Dear Students, As explained in the Programme Guide, you have to do one Tutor Marked Assignment in this Course. The assignment is given 30% weight in the final assessment. To be eligible to appear in the Term-end examination, it is compulsory for you to submit the assignment as per the schedule. Before attempting the assignments, you should carefully read the instructions given in the Programme Guide. This assignment is valid for two admission cycles (July 2015 and January 2016). The validity is given below: 1. Those who are enroled in July 2015, it is valid up to June 2016. 2. Those who are enrolled in January 2016, it is valid up to December 2016. You have to submit the assignment of all the courses to The Coordinator of your Study...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: ECO - 09 Course Title: Money, Banking and Financial Institutions Assignment Code: ECO – 09/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. Why is money demanded? How is the Keynesian approach different from the classical approach in this regard?(20) 2. Explain the establishment, structure and functions of the State Bank of India.                                        (20) 3. What is meant by money market? Discuss the significance of money market in a modern economy . (20) 4. Describe the working of the IMF. How does it help member countries in dealing with their temporary balance of payments problems?                                                                                                                                                      (20) 5. Write short notes on the following: (a) General Leading Principal of World Bank (b) Regional Rural Banks (c) Economic Significance of ...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 08: COMPANY LAW For July 2015 and January 2016 admission cycle School of Management Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi -110 068 ECO - 08 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 08: Company Law ASSIGNMENT- 2015-16 Dear Students, As explained in the Programme Guide, you have to do one Tutor Marked Assignment in this Course. The assignment is given 30% weight in the final assessment. To be eligible to appear in the Term-end examination, it is compulsory for you to submit the assignment as per the schedule. Before attempting the assignments, you should carefully read the instructions given in the Programme Guide. This assignment is valid for two admission cycles (July 2015 and January 2016). The validity is given below: 1. Those who are enroled in July 2015, it is valid up to June 2016. 2. Those who are enroled in January 2016, it is valid up to December 2016. You have to su...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 06: Economic Theory For July 2015 and January 2016 admission cycle School of Management Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi -110 068 ECO - 06 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 06: Economic Theory ASSIGNMENT- 2015-16 Dear Students, As explained in the Programme Guide, you have to do one Tutor Marked Assignment in this Course. The assignment is given 30% weightage in the final assessment. To be eligible to appear in the Term-end examination, it is compulsory for you to submit the assignment as per the schedule. Before attempting the assignments, you should carefully read the instructions given in the Programme Guide. This assignment is valid for two admission cycles (July 2015 and January 2016). The validity is given below: 1. Those who are enroled in July 2015, it is valid up to June 2016. 2. Those who are enroled in January 2016, it is valid up to December 2016. You...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: ECO - 05 Course Title: Mercantile Law Assignment Code: ECO – 05/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. 1. (a) All contracts are agreements, but all agreements are not contracts. Comment. Contracts are agreements, but all agreements are not contracts. This is a common misconception and it can lead to some serious legal issues. For example, if you agree to mow my lawn for $50 per week, but you don't actually sign a contract, technically you are not obligated to follow through. This could lead to you being sued, and you may even lose money if you don't want to pay. To be legally binding, a contract must include certain elements. These elements include an offer, acceptance, mutual consent, consideration, and an intent to be legally bound. All of these elements must be present for a contract to be formed. If any of these elements are missing, then the agreement i...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 03: MANAGEMENT THEORY For July 2015 and January 2016 admission cycle School of Management Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi -110 068 ECO - 03 Elective Course in Commerce ECO – 03: Management Theory ASSIGNMENT- 2015-16 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code: ECO-03 Course Title: Management Theory Assignment Code: ECO-03/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all questions. 1. “Management Principles focus on one of the best ways of doing things and are prescriptive”. Do you agree? Give reasons and explain various principles of management. (6+14) 2. What is meant by morale? Outline the factors that influence the morale of employees in an organization. What is the significance of leadership vis a vis morale? (4+8+8) 3. Distinguish between the following: i) Strategic and Tactical Planning ii) Autocratic Style and Authoritative Style iii) Formal Commun...

AMK - 01 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) ASSIGNMENT 2015-16 Application Oriented Course AMK -01: MARKETING Course Code: AMK-01 Course Title: Marketing Assignment Code: AMK-01/TMA/2015-16 Coverage: All Blocks Maximum Marks: 100 Attempt all the questions. (a) What is a sales promotion? Describe the various sales promotion tools used by marketers. (b) Explain the concept of the product life cycle with a suitable example. (10+10) Differentiate between the following: (a) Marketing Mix and Promotion Mix (b) Durable Goods and Non-durable Goods (c) Sales Promotion and Personal Selling (d) Selling Concept and Production Concept of Marketing (4×5) Comment on the following statements: (a) The packaging is not different from labelling (b) Trademark can be copied by another manufacturer (c) Penetration pricing is a profitable strategy (d) Market segmentation is required for effective marketing(4×5) Define culture. How does it influence consumer behaviour? Explain with example.(20) Write s...

A label refers to a part of the product which contains the information regarding the product; seller etc after branding and packaging it is another significant means of product identification. A label may be a part of the package or it may attach to the product in the form of a piece of paper, printed statements, imprinted metal, leather etc. It contains information concerning the price (MRP), nature of product, date of manufacture. Need of packaging Followings are the main needs of labeling:- Product Feature: - A label describes the special feature of the product which increases its sales. Facilitates exchange: - It avoids unnecessary confusion where there is a large product range. It facilitates fast exchange process. Encourage self-service: - Labeling encourages the consumers for self-service. They can pick the product   of their own choice from the shops when they are supplied with necessary information of contents, weights, use, price etc. Product-related services: -  There are...

Bachelor’s Degree Programme   Course Code: AED - 01 Course Title: Export Procedures and Documentation   Attempt all the questions. Describe the general provisions related to import under the Foreign Trade Policy (EXIM Policy) of the Government of India. Do you think that these provisions facilitate foreign trade? (16+4) a) Discuss the export financing under the deferred payment system. b) Explain the role of the Export-Import Bank of India. (10+10) Explain the Central Excise Formalities and refund procedure of central excise rebate under Rule 12. (20) a) Describe the export incentives related to an expansion of the production base for export. b) Discuss fiscal incentives for export promotion. (10+10) Write short notes on the following: a) International Contract Terms b) Basic Principles of ECGC operation c) Port Procedures d) Export Promotion Councils. (4×5)

Packaging offers the following kinds of advantages to the manufacturer , dealers as well as consumers. Advantages to manufacturer and dealers It protects the goods from spoilage, breakage and leakage etc. An attractive package serves as a silent salesman. It facilitates ‘widow’ and ‘counter’ display of goods. It prevents adulteration. It maintains the quality of the product by protecting them against light, air, heat, humidity etc. It is easy to transport from one place to another. It reduces the cost of storage and handling. It creates goodwill of company in the minds of consumers. Advantage to consumers It keeps the content fresh, clean and in an original form. It facilitates easy handling. It provides Information to consumers regarding the product. It adds to the prestige of the buyer. Empty packages may be retained for domestic use.

A good packaging is required to possess the following features: Attractiveness: - A good package should be attractive in size and color combination in order to promote the sale. Consumer convinces: - The size and weight of package should be such that it is convenient for the storage and transportation and easily consumable by the consumers. Protective strength: -  The package should be strong enough in order to protect the product. Economical: - The cost of packaging should be minimum in order to make the price of product competitive. Durability: -  Packages should be durable so that they may be re-used for different purposes. Pollution free: - The packaging should be eco-friendly. The polyethene packaging has been discarded by the law in the certain status. Flexibility: - A good packaging should have an ability of flexibility or should be capable of being put to alternative use.

Following are the main objectives of packaging:- Protection of product: -  The main objectives of packaging are to protect the products against theft, pilferage, leakage, breakage etc. it is the package which keep the product fresh, clean and unspoilt. Identification: -  The main objective of packing is providing identification to the products. It makes the products easily distinguishable and identifiable while packaging them in shelves of shops. Products convince: - Another important objective of packing is to provide containers to the producer and distributors in shipping, storage and handling of goods. Packaging should be such that it facilitates attractive display of goods in the shops and easy use of products for consumers. Helpful in the promotion of products: -  The packagings serve as a very powerful promotional tool. The main features promotional functions are performed by packaging are: Self-advertising : - The design of product package itself advertises it. Disp...

Packaging involves the activities of planning and designing of different means of packing the products.  Various means of packaging refers to wrappers or containers. Packaging plays its role in product identification. It serves as a promotional tool and build an image of the product. Packing is a process which relates to economically containing the products for shipment, storage, sale or final use of the product.  It includes the activities of wrapping or containing the product for performing the market functions especially to make economical. In other words , packaging refers to the enclosing of product in the package or containers like tins, bottles, bags, cans etc. According to William staton, “Packing general group of activities in designing the containers or wrappers for the product”

The advantages of branding may be categorized into three parts:- Advantages to manufacturers Advantages to wholesalers & retailers Advantages to consumers Advantages to manufacturers It helps the manufacturers to procure orders and supply the goods in districts markets It establishes the separate identity of a product from other similar products. Popular brand names can be used for other related products of a firm. It facilitates repeat sales as customers remember brand names. It facilitates direct selling to the customers once brand name gains popularity. It facilitates regular production since there is a continued demand for the popular brand. It helps in increasing demand as it develops brand loyalty. Advantages to wholesalers and retailers. There is less risk and problem in the sale of branded goods. It requires less effort by the middleman for selling the goods. There is more demand of branded goods. It increases the goodwill of the middlemen Advant...

The following are the main importance of branding:- Separate identity: - Branding provides distinct loyalty to products which is useful for competing with the products of same nature. Facilitate advertising: - Branding is useful for the purpose of advertising. It is impossible to undertake advertising campaign without the brand name. Brand loyalty: - Brand creates brand loyalty. The customers always prefer to buy their favorite. Prevents Imitation: - Branding is also needed to prevent imitation of the product by competitors. Marketing device: - Branding is required to use it as marketing devices. A small symbol with a marketing catchy slogan speaks much about the product. Product research: - Branding is also important to conduct product research. The researchers can find out the opinions and reactions of consumers regarding the product by use of a brand name.

A brand is a name or mark or symbol, number, letter or the world or any combination of these, given to a product in order to create its separate identity from other similar products. The brand is am product image, a quality and a personality of the product. Branding is a process of finding and fixing the means of identification. It is nothing but naming the product and it is just like naming a child. When a brand name is registered, it becomes a trademark.   According to American Marketing, “Branding is a name, term, symbol or a design or a combination of them which is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate than from those of competitors”

Marketing function refers to those activities which are necessary to be performed from the conception of the idea of products to their final consumption by the consumers. These activities any is classified in following parts:- Functions of research Function of physical supply Function of exchange The function of facilitating to exchange. The function of research: - It is the systematic approach of study the nature of product, price, distribution, consumers preference etc. it includes the analysis and decision making after the deep investigation in the market. Planning and developments of product: - This function includes the activities from the idea of the product to its final developments. It includes the decision making regarding the packing, colour, price, size quantity etc of products so that consumers may fully satisfied. The function of physical supply: -These are those function which are required to fill the gap between the manufacturer and consumers. The following are...

The 4 P’s of marketing mix are discussed as follow:- Product Mix - includes all those activities starting from the conception of the idea of a product till its final developments for maximizing the customers’ satisfaction. It involves planning and development of product directed at the satisfaction of target market. It entails decision making regarding the quality, quantity, size packing etc. of the product. Elements Of Product Mix              The main features of product mix are as follow Product range: - It implies the closely related items of the same product. For eg. The product range of the Maruti Udyog limited is Maruti 800, Maruti waganR etc. Branding refers to the use if certain mark, symbol etc it helps in dividing the types of the same goods. Product package -Packaging means to wrap or containing the goods for supply. Product services after sale services are an important component of a product mix. It enables the firm to secure repeat orders and also secure the goodwill...

M arketing management is an operative function which fulfills the gap between production and consumption. Its main features are as follow:- Functional area of management: - it is functional area of management since it includes setting goals, formulation of plans and put them into actions Scope: - It consists of all those activities which are directed to supplying the want-satisfying goods to consumers in order to achieve organizational objectives. Goal oriented: -The sole objective of marketing management is to facilitate an exchange of goods and services by supplying the consumers needed goods and services. So it is goal oriented. Marketing mix: - Marketing mix determines the marketing mix I.e. product design, pricing, promotion, and distribution. So as to provide maximum satisfaction to the consumers.

Meaning Marketing management is an operative function which fills the gap between production and consumption.  It is the basic function of all business enterprises. The very existence of business depends upon its marketing management. Marketing management is combined application of the functions of management – planning, staffing, directing and controlling. And the functions of the marketing management –marketing research, product planning and development, pricing, advertising, selling etc to facilitate an exchange of want satisfying goods/ services in order to achieve organization objectives. In the nutshell, marketing management is the functional area of management which ascertains the marketing objectives, formulates marketing plans, organized marketing function and put these plans into actions and controlling them. Acc. To Stanton, “Marketing management is a total of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present an...

To determine the amount of capital required by the business to fulfill to long, medium and short-term needs. To raise funds from various sources at minimum cost. To allocate funds to different departments considering the overall objectives of the business. To ensure optimum utilization of funds by investing them in various assets. To maintain sufficient cash in order to meet day to day expenses. To maintain adequate provisions for contingencies. To exercise effective control over the funds.

Financial planning is a core to the main planning. It is an inseparable part of overall planning of enterprise. It plays important roles in an enterprise as it fixed financial objectives, formulates capital structure, raise funds and ensure proper utilization of funds. It is equally important for all types of organization whether it is small, big and medium size. Main benefits of financial planning are as follow:- The success of entire firm: - Every function of enterprise i.e. production, marketing, purchasing etc. all depends upon the financial function. The firm can avoid the possibilities of inadequate or excess capitalization which leads to wastage of resources. Economy and coordination: - financial planning minimizes the wastage in the complex operative process. Coordination is needed due to technological developments. Increased rate of interest, dividend is possible only through effective financial planning. The optimum capital structure at minimum cost: - financial plann...

Financial planning is the process of determining the objectives, policies, procedures programs and budgets to carry out the effectively the financial activities of an enterprise. It is a process of deciding in advance the financial activities necessary for an enterprise to achieve its objective. In other words, it is an application of planning function of management to the financial aspect of an enterprise. It involves of activities which aim at providing funds to activities to an enterprise regularly and ensure their efficient and proper use. It mainly involves procurements of funds and their proper utilization. It determines how much amount is required to purchase fixed assets or current assets. It also involves decision regarding the kinds of securities i.e. shares, debentures, and bonds.

FUNCTIONS OF SEBI The functions of SEBI may be categorized into three parts :- Protective functions Regulatory functions Development functions Now we shall discuss these functions separately Protective functions:-   Safeguarding investors: - SEBI issues press notes in the papers and brings out booklets for educating investors about various practices being followed by stock exchange. Enforcing code of conduct: - SEBI prescribed code of conduct to be followed in the market. The code helps in conducting the business in good manners. Control on price: - price is the serious issue which harms the interest of investors. Artificial inflation of prices attains more interest. The prices are then brought down by spreading some rumors about the company generally common investors sell shares at high rate. Regulative functions Monitoring stock exchange: - SEBI regulates the working of stock exchange including NSE and OCTCEI. Stock exchanges are required to submit regular returns SEB...

INTRODUCTION The Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was constituted in 1988 under a resolution of the government of India. Thereafter, it was made a statutory body of the securities and exchange board of India act 1992. The center has given to SEBI most of its power under the securities contracts (Regulation) act 1956 to ensure more effective protection of interests of the investors and to create an efficient and well-regulated stock market. The powers of SEBI have been further wideninged under the securities law (amended) ordinance, 1995 which has amended the SEBI Act,1992 and securities contracts (regulation) act, 1956. The head office of SEBI is situated in Mumbai. Regional offices are at Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. OBJECTIVES OF SEBI The main objectives of SEBI are given below Protect the interest of investors: - SEBI was mainly set up to protect the interest of investors. The companies sometimes mislead the investors by giving them false investors and they make the wrong ...

OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE National trading facility: - NSE was established to provide a national wide trading facility for equity debt instruments etc. this facility was to regulate the price of scripts on a national basis. Regulation of transactions: - NSE aims at to have an inbuilt mechanism which regulates trading NSE system operates as per the instructions given in advance. Electronic Settlement: - The manual system of the settlement was lengthy and time-consuming. NSE has introduced electronic settlement which is easy and quick. As per the international standard: - NSE system is as per with international standard in dealing relating to market practice products and technology etc.

INTRODUCTION The national stock exchange was incorporated in November 1992 with an equity capital of Rs. 25 crores. NSE is a professionally managed national market for shares, debentures and government securities with all the necessary infrastructure and trading facility. NATURE OF NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE) Ownership and management: - NSE is owned by a number of leading financial institutions, banks insurance companies etc. its management is in the hands of professionals, and day-to-day affairs are managed by the executive committee. Computerized operation: - The trading is undertaken with the help of a computerized network. National market: - NSE is a national-level stock exchange. It's working covers the almost whole of the country. Its terminals are set up at all the important places and it has a national wide market. Run on commercial line: - NSE set up and runs on commercial lines. It is a profit-earning company. Debt market: - National stock exchange also trades in d...

The importance of stock exchange lies in the services which they provide to society. The services rendered by the stock exchange can be categorized as follow:- Services to investors Services to companies Services to community SERVICES TO INVESTOR: - The stock exchange provides the following kinds of services to the investors:- Easy marketability and liquidity: - The stock exchange provides the regular and ready market for sale and purchase of securities. The investor can convert their securities into cash and cash into securities at any time. So, it provides easy marketability and liquidity to the investor. Publication of quotation: - The stock exchange publishes in the newspapers and periodical the rates at which various securities are the deal in it. It is very useful for existing as well as prospective investor Safeguarding the investor’s interests: - The stock exchanges operate strictly according to rules and regulations enacted through various acts. It eliminates the pos...

FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE Easy Marketing: - The securities can be easily sold and purchased in the stock exchange. The investors know the market value of the securities. So they can invest money in desired securities and released cash whenever required. Capital formation: - stock exchange creates the habit of saving and investing among the people. It leads to invest of funds in corporate and government securities. Thus, it contributes the capital formation. Facilitates speculation: - stock exchange provides opportunities to the investor to speculate. Due to speculation the supply and demand of securities’ may be equalized. Safeguarding for the investor: - The dealing in the stock exchange are governed by the rules of securities control act 1956. It protects the interest of investor through the enforcement of rules of the act. Guidelines for new issue: - It provides guidelines regarding new issues of securities. It also guides the companies regarding the scheme of allotment of sh...

MEANING OF STOCK EXCHANGE The stock exchange is an organized market where the sale and purchase of second-hand securities i.e. shares, debentures, bonds etc take place according to specified rules and regulations. It facilitates the trading of listed securities only. Listed securities are those securities which are recognized by a stock exchange for the purpose of sale and purchase of securities. It provides finance to the government sector. It is an indispensable institution for the steady growth of the corporate sector. It is established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling business in securities. The stock exchange is recognized as a nerve center of the economy of any nation. According to Bismark, “If you want to know how the things in Britain are going on, do not study the House of Commons, but watch the London stock exchange.”

Physical fitness: - A leader should be fit physically. He should have untiring stamina supported by other physical features i.e height, weight, complexion etc An attractive appearance provides a leader good leadership personality. Vision and foresight: - A leader should have a sense of foresightedness and visibility of the future course of action. He should be imaginative enough to read the events likely to happen in the proper perspective. Integrity and honesty: - A leader should be sincere and honest to the course of his followers. He should fight for the cause of his followers with all vigor, integrity, and honesty. Technical know-how: - A leader should have an edge over his followers in the technical matters. He should be expert to resolve the technical problems of his subordinates. Motivation: - A leader should have the capacity to seek the willing co-operation of followers toward the achievement of the goal of the organization. He should be eligible to inspire his followers...

A leader has a very vast role in the organization. Leadership is essential in the organization as it is processed of motivating the subordinates. Leadership exists in the organized and non- organized groups. The main importance of leadership as follow:- Guiding and inspiring subordinates: - A leader guides the subordinates towards the achievements of organizational goal and inspires them for better performance. It transforms the individual efforts into group efforts. Co-operation and co-ordination: -  A leader combines the individual goal with organizational goals it helps in securing willing co-operation from the subordinates and better co-ordination in their actions. Motivates: -  Ability to do work is important but will to do work is most important. As a leader, a manager provides financial incentives to his subordinate and inspires them to contribute their maximum role. Boosting morale: -  A leader boosts morale in their subordinates for performing their best. A fully satisfied wo...

Leadership is the ability to induce others to work. It is an element of directing. A leader appraiser is followers towards the achievement of organizational goals. ‘leadership’ and ‘managership’ are not treated as one and something . Leadership of managership mainly depend upon his personal qualities and the attitude of followers. As a leadership means ‘to lead’ therefore a leader lead subordinate to perform their job. Leadership is very necessary for an organization because a leader coordinates the resources and motives the workers. ACCORDING TO Koontz and O   Donnel, “Leadership is ability of a superior to induce subordinate to work with confidence and zeal”

MOTIVATION :- The term ‘motivation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘motive’ which means ‘to move’. Motivation is the process of generating an urge aiming the subordination toward achievement objective of the organization. Motivation helps to transform the ability of work into willing to work. It sets the action of people into motion. It improves the efficiency of workers and ensures the achievement of the goal of an enterprise. Effective motivation leads to success and growth of the enterprise. Motivation is processed of inducement which guides the worker to work in the desired manner. It is a continuous process of organization ACCORDING TO Koontz and o’Donnel, “To motive is to induce people to act in the desired manner”

An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes the business of its own. His business is known as entrepreneurship.following are the function of entrepreneurship:- RISK TAKING: -  One of the most important function of entrepreneurship is to take a risk. An enterprise may earn profits or suffer losses because of various factors. An entrepreneur needs to assume the risk involved in the enterprise. He should be a risk taker, not risk avoider. INNOVATION: - Innovation implies doing creating something new with using new technology. Innovation includes the introduction of new goods, new methods, new markets and new technology etc. Tastes and preference of consumers are undergoing a great change. innovation plays a unique role to meet their requirements. BUSINESS PLANNING: - Need for planning arises as soon as the business is undertaken. Formal business planning is vital in the success of every business enterprise. FUNCTION OF MANAGERIAL SKILL: -  Managerial skills are the important functions o...

The   following are the main characteristics of entrepreneurship:- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY - Economic activity means that activity which  is associated with certain monetary rewards because entrepreneurship also includes creation and operation of an enterprise. so it is an economic activity. INITIATIVE ACTIVITY - It is an initiative activity because the enterprise takes the form of the initiator by business, ideas which are already being use in developed economies. GOAL ORIENTED - Entrepreneurship is always goal oriented. it aims at generating personal and financial gains. the concept of social entrepreneurship is also taking place, where the objective is uplift of weaker section of society GAP FILLING FUNCTION - The job of the fill the gap between knowledge and information. entrepreneur combines all the input. thus, he performs the function of gap filling. MANAGERIAL SKILL - An entrepreneur uses all the managerial skills of motivation. leadership etc for running the enterprise efficiently...

Entrepreneurship :- The word '"entrepreneurship" has been derived from a French word 'enetrprender' which means 'to undertake'. Today people call it by various name like risk taking innovation etc. It is a composite skill, a mixture of many qualities like managing, leadership etc. Entrepreneurship is  a task through which a person organise the business of its own, runs it profitably, makes the decision and undertake the risks. thus, Entrepreneurship may be regarded as what an entrepreneurship does it followed first by entrepreneur and then by enterprise. Entrepreneur proceeds entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is series of action which an entrepreneur takes to establish the enterprise.

MASTER OF COMMERCE Term-End Examination June, 2010 MCO-05: ACCOUNTING FOR M ANAGERIAL DECISION Time  3 hours                                                                                                 Maximum Marks 100   Note :  Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal  marks. What are the objectives of accounting ? Explain any four accounting concepts and two accounting conventions.                                                                                                                       20 What do you mean by analysis of financial statements ? Explain briefly the various techniques of financial Analysis.                                                                                                               20 Write explanatory notes on :                                                                                         10+10 Performance Budgeting Budgetary Control Ratios. (a) Describe the various methods of transfer pricing.        ...

MASTER OF COMMERCE Term-End Examination June 2010 MCO-07: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Time: 3 hours                                                                                  Maximum Marks 100   Note :         Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal  marks. What are the basic financial decisions? In what ways is the wealth maximization objective superior to the profit maximization objective? Explain.                                                       20 (a) Explain the mechanics of calculating the present value of cash flows ?                           10 (b) Mr Y deposited of the end of each year Rs. 500, Rs.900, Rs. 1400, Rs. 1900, Rs. 2400, in his              bank account for 5 years, 1 to 5 respectively. Calculate his future value of series of deposits if the bank pays 5 percent compound rate of interest.                                                                         10 (a) In capital Budgeting, discuss how the project selection is done under condi...

MASTER OF COMMERCE Term-End Examination June 2010 MCO-06: MARKETING MANAGEMENT Time: 3 hours                                                                                               Maximum Marks 100   Note :  Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal  marks. Compare and contrast marketing concept with societal concept. How do you ensure, as marketing manager, application of societal concept of marketing in rural India ?                                     20 How can you develop a sound marketing information system? How is it useful in understanding market behaviour in general?                                                                                               20 What are the bases for market segmentation? Compare and contrast personality segmentation with value segmentation.                                                                                                     20 (a) Taking any organisation you are familiar with as an example, explain t...