Solved IGNOU Assignments

The chief objective of business has always been to earn profits by satisfying the needs and wants of consumers. Marketing management plays an important role in this direction by product planning and development and their value exchange. The main objectives of marketing management in light of the overall objectives of the business are as under:- Creation of demand: - Marketing tries to create demand by attracting new customers through advertisement, personal selling, sales promotion etc. A business enterprise first identifies the needs and wants of the consumers and then produces and supplies them the goods of their liking. It helps in create demand Market share: - Marketing also aims to increase the market share by following aggressive selling techniques, i.e. advertisement, personal selling, etc., necessary to survive in the competitive environment. Profitability and growth: - The long-term objective of marketing is to increase profits by satisfying the needs and wants of the consu...

The marketing mix is the sum used to describe the combination of four inputs that constitute the company‘s marketing system product, price, place and promotion are four elements of marketing that are interrelated to each other.  A change in one element affects the others. These elements are internal variables of a business enterprise. These are also called 4p’s of marketing programs. These are mixed while preparing marketing programs with an objective to provide maximum satisfaction to the consumers. The term ‘ marketing mix’ was coined by Neil H. Border. Acc. To Neil H. Border, “ T he marketing mix refers to the apportionment of efforts, the combination, the designing and integration of the elements of marketing into a program or mix”

A label refers to a part of the product which contains the information regarding the product; seller etc after branding and packaging it is another significant means of product identification. A label may be a part of the package or it may attach to the product in the form of a piece of paper, printed statements, imprinted metal, leather etc. It contains information concerning the price (MRP), nature of product, date of manufacture. Need of packaging Followings are the main needs of labeling:- Product Feature: - A label describes the special feature of the product which increases its sales. Facilitates exchange: - It avoids unnecessary confusion where there is a large product range. It facilitates fast exchange process. Encourage self-service: - Labeling encourages the consumers for self-service. They can pick the product   of their own choice from the shops when they are supplied with necessary information of contents, weights, use, price etc. Product-related services: -  There are...

Packaging offers the following kinds of advantages to the manufacturer , dealers as well as consumers. Advantages to manufacturer and dealers It protects the goods from spoilage, breakage and leakage etc. An attractive package serves as a silent salesman. It facilitates ‘widow’ and ‘counter’ display of goods. It prevents adulteration. It maintains the quality of the product by protecting them against light, air, heat, humidity etc. It is easy to transport from one place to another. It reduces the cost of storage and handling. It creates goodwill of company in the minds of consumers. Advantage to consumers It keeps the content fresh, clean and in an original form. It facilitates easy handling. It provides Information to consumers regarding the product. It adds to the prestige of the buyer. Empty packages may be retained for domestic use.

A good packaging is required to possess the following features: Attractiveness: - A good package should be attractive in size and color combination in order to promote the sale. Consumer convinces: - The size and weight of package should be such that it is convenient for the storage and transportation and easily consumable by the consumers. Protective strength: -  The package should be strong enough in order to protect the product. Economical: - The cost of packaging should be minimum in order to make the price of product competitive. Durability: -  Packages should be durable so that they may be re-used for different purposes. Pollution free: - The packaging should be eco-friendly. The polyethene packaging has been discarded by the law in the certain status. Flexibility: - A good packaging should have an ability of flexibility or should be capable of being put to alternative use.

Following are the main objectives of packaging:- Protection of product: -  The main objectives of packaging are to protect the products against theft, pilferage, leakage, breakage etc. it is the package which keep the product fresh, clean and unspoilt. Identification: -  The main objective of packing is providing identification to the products. It makes the products easily distinguishable and identifiable while packaging them in shelves of shops. Products convince: - Another important objective of packing is to provide containers to the producer and distributors in shipping, storage and handling of goods. Packaging should be such that it facilitates attractive display of goods in the shops and easy use of products for consumers. Helpful in the promotion of products: -  The packagings serve as a very powerful promotional tool. The main features promotional functions are performed by packaging are: Self-advertising : - The design of product package itself advertises it. Disp...

The advantages of branding may be categorized into three parts:- Advantages to manufacturers Advantages to wholesalers & retailers Advantages to consumers Advantages to manufacturers It helps the manufacturers to procure orders and supply the goods in districts markets It establishes the separate identity of a product from other similar products. Popular brand names can be used for other related products of a firm. It facilitates repeat sales as customers remember brand names. It facilitates direct selling to the customers once brand name gains popularity. It facilitates regular production since there is a continued demand for the popular brand. It helps in increasing demand as it develops brand loyalty. Advantages to wholesalers and retailers. There is less risk and problem in the sale of branded goods. It requires less effort by the middleman for selling the goods. There is more demand of branded goods. It increases the goodwill of the middlemen Advant...

The following are the main importance of branding:- Separate identity: - Branding provides distinct loyalty to products which is useful for competing with the products of same nature. Facilitate advertising: - Branding is useful for the purpose of advertising. It is impossible to undertake advertising campaign without the brand name. Brand loyalty: - Brand creates brand loyalty. The customers always prefer to buy their favorite. Prevents Imitation: - Branding is also needed to prevent imitation of the product by competitors. Marketing device: - Branding is required to use it as marketing devices. A small symbol with a marketing catchy slogan speaks much about the product. Product research: - Branding is also important to conduct product research. The researchers can find out the opinions and reactions of consumers regarding the product by use of a brand name.

A brand is a name or mark or symbol, number, letter or the world or any combination of these, given to a product in order to create its separate identity from other similar products. The brand is am product image, a quality and a personality of the product. Branding is a process of finding and fixing the means of identification. It is nothing but naming the product and it is just like naming a child. When a brand name is registered, it becomes a trademark.   According to American Marketing, “Branding is a name, term, symbol or a design or a combination of them which is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate than from those of competitors”

Marketing function refers to those activities which are necessary to be performed from the conception of the idea of products to their final consumption by the consumers. These activities any is classified in following parts:- Functions of research Function of physical supply Function of exchange The function of facilitating to exchange. The function of research: - It is the systematic approach of study the nature of product, price, distribution, consumers preference etc. it includes the analysis and decision making after the deep investigation in the market. Planning and developments of product: - This function includes the activities from the idea of the product to its final developments. It includes the decision making regarding the packing, colour, price, size quantity etc of products so that consumers may fully satisfied. The function of physical supply: -These are those function which are required to fill the gap between the manufacturer and consumers. The following are...

The 4 P’s of marketing mix are discussed as follow:- Product Mix - includes all those activities starting from the conception of the idea of a product till its final developments for maximizing the customers’ satisfaction. It involves planning and development of product directed at the satisfaction of target market. It entails decision making regarding the quality, quantity, size packing etc. of the product. Elements Of Product Mix              The main features of product mix are as follow Product range: - It implies the closely related items of the same product. For eg. The product range of the Maruti Udyog limited is Maruti 800, Maruti waganR etc. Branding refers to the use if certain mark, symbol etc it helps in dividing the types of the same goods. Product package -Packaging means to wrap or containing the goods for supply. Product services after sale services are an important component of a product mix. It enables the firm to secure repeat orders and also secure the goodwill...

M arketing management is an operative function which fulfills the gap between production and consumption. Its main features are as follow:- Functional area of management: - it is functional area of management since it includes setting goals, formulation of plans and put them into actions Scope: - It consists of all those activities which are directed to supplying the want-satisfying goods to consumers in order to achieve organizational objectives. Goal oriented: -The sole objective of marketing management is to facilitate an exchange of goods and services by supplying the consumers needed goods and services. So it is goal oriented. Marketing mix: - Marketing mix determines the marketing mix I.e. product design, pricing, promotion, and distribution. So as to provide maximum satisfaction to the consumers.

Meaning Marketing management is an operative function which fills the gap between production and consumption.  It is the basic function of all business enterprises. The very existence of business depends upon its marketing management. Marketing management is combined application of the functions of management – planning, staffing, directing and controlling. And the functions of the marketing management –marketing research, product planning and development, pricing, advertising, selling etc to facilitate an exchange of want satisfying goods/ services in order to achieve organization objectives. In the nutshell, marketing management is the functional area of management which ascertains the marketing objectives, formulates marketing plans, organized marketing function and put these plans into actions and controlling them. Acc. To Stanton, “Marketing management is a total of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present an...

Physical fitness: - A leader should be fit physically. He should have untiring stamina supported by other physical features i.e height, weight, complexion etc An attractive appearance provides a leader good leadership personality. Vision and foresight: - A leader should have a sense of foresightedness and visibility of the future course of action. He should be imaginative enough to read the events likely to happen in the proper perspective. Integrity and honesty: - A leader should be sincere and honest to the course of his followers. He should fight for the cause of his followers with all vigor, integrity, and honesty. Technical know-how: - A leader should have an edge over his followers in the technical matters. He should be expert to resolve the technical problems of his subordinates. Motivation: - A leader should have the capacity to seek the willing co-operation of followers toward the achievement of the goal of the organization. He should be eligible to inspire his followers...

A leader has a very vast role in the organization. Leadership is essential in the organization as it is processed of motivating the subordinates. Leadership exists in the organized and non- organized groups. The main importance of leadership as follow:- Guiding and inspiring subordinates: - A leader guides the subordinates towards the achievements of organizational goal and inspires them for better performance. It transforms the individual efforts into group efforts. Co-operation and co-ordination: -  A leader combines the individual goal with organizational goals it helps in securing willing co-operation from the subordinates and better co-ordination in their actions. Motivates: -  Ability to do work is important but will to do work is most important. As a leader, a manager provides financial incentives to his subordinate and inspires them to contribute their maximum role. Boosting morale: -  A leader boosts morale in their subordinates for performing their best. A fully satisfied wo...

Leadership is the ability to induce others to work. It is an element of directing. A leader appraiser is followers towards the achievement of organizational goals. ‘leadership’ and ‘managership’ are not treated as one and something . Leadership of managership mainly depend upon his personal qualities and the attitude of followers. As a leadership means ‘to lead’ therefore a leader lead subordinate to perform their job. Leadership is very necessary for an organization because a leader coordinates the resources and motives the workers. ACCORDING TO Koontz and O   Donnel, “Leadership is ability of a superior to induce subordinate to work with confidence and zeal”

An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes the business of its own. His business is known as entrepreneurship.following are the function of entrepreneurship:- RISK TAKING: -  One of the most important function of entrepreneurship is to take a risk. An enterprise may earn profits or suffer losses because of various factors. An entrepreneur needs to assume the risk involved in the enterprise. He should be a risk taker, not risk avoider. INNOVATION: - Innovation implies doing creating something new with using new technology. Innovation includes the introduction of new goods, new methods, new markets and new technology etc. Tastes and preference of consumers are undergoing a great change. innovation plays a unique role to meet their requirements. BUSINESS PLANNING: - Need for planning arises as soon as the business is undertaken. Formal business planning is vital in the success of every business enterprise. FUNCTION OF MANAGERIAL SKILL: -  Managerial skills are the important functions o...

The   following are the main characteristics of entrepreneurship:- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY - Economic activity means that activity which  is associated with certain monetary rewards because entrepreneurship also includes creation and operation of an enterprise. so it is an economic activity. INITIATIVE ACTIVITY - It is an initiative activity because the enterprise takes the form of the initiator by business, ideas which are already being use in developed economies. GOAL ORIENTED - Entrepreneurship is always goal oriented. it aims at generating personal and financial gains. the concept of social entrepreneurship is also taking place, where the objective is uplift of weaker section of society GAP FILLING FUNCTION - The job of the fill the gap between knowledge and information. entrepreneur combines all the input. thus, he performs the function of gap filling. MANAGERIAL SKILL - An entrepreneur uses all the managerial skills of motivation. leadership etc for running the enterprise efficiently...

Entrepreneurship :- The word '"entrepreneurship" has been derived from a French word 'enetrprender' which means 'to undertake'. Today people call it by various name like risk taking innovation etc. It is a composite skill, a mixture of many qualities like managing, leadership etc. Entrepreneurship is  a task through which a person organise the business of its own, runs it profitably, makes the decision and undertake the risks. thus, Entrepreneurship may be regarded as what an entrepreneurship does it followed first by entrepreneur and then by enterprise. Entrepreneur proceeds entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is series of action which an entrepreneur takes to establish the enterprise.